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Peptide index

Every profile, evidence-rated and sourced. Search by name, filter by category or evidence, and open any peptide for a plain-language overview plus the structured data beneath it.

102 peptides

Limited evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

BPC-157

Body Protection Compound 157

BPC-157 is a lab-made peptide based on a protein found in stomach fluid. In animal studies it appears to speed the healing of tendons, muscle, and the gut lining. Human evidence is still very limited, so what we know comes mostly from rodents, not people.

Preliminary evidence Cognitive & Neuro

Dihexa

N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide

Dihexa is an experimental compound derived from angiotensin IV, studied in animals for its effects on memory and synapse formation. There are no published human trials, so its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Strong (human) Growth Hormone Axis

Tesamorelin

Tesamorelin (trans-3-hexenoyl GHRH 1-44)

Tesamorelin is a lab-made version of a natural hormone (GHRH) that nudges the body to release its own growth hormone. Unlike most research peptides, it is FDA-approved, for reducing excess belly fat in people with HIV-associated lipodystrophy, and that approval is backed by large, randomized human trials. Evidence for other uses, such as cognition, is far more preliminary.

Preliminary Longevity & Cellular

Epitalon

Epitalon (Epithalon / AEDG peptide)

Epitalon is a short, lab-made peptide (four amino acids) developed in Russia from research on the pineal gland. It is studied for possible effects on cellular aging and the telomerase enzyme. The evidence is genuinely early-stage, mostly small or older studies, so its benefits in people are far from established.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

SS-31

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

SS-31, known in clinical development as elamipretide, is a mitochondria-targeting peptide studied for diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction, including some heart and rare mitochondrial conditions. It has reached human trials, but results have been mixed and it is not approved. Longevity claims go beyond the current evidence.

Limited evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

TB-500

Thymosin Beta-4 (synthetic fragment)

TB-500 is a synthetic version of a region of Thymosin Beta-4, a protein your body makes that helps cells move and repair tissue. In animal studies it is linked to wound healing, blood-vessel growth, and reduced scarring. Human evidence is still limited.

Preliminary Metabolic & GLP-1

5-Amino-1MQ

NNMT enzyme inhibitor (small molecule)

5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule compound (not a peptide) that blocks an enzyme called NNMT, which has been linked to fat-tissue metabolism in animals. In mouse studies it was associated with reduced fat gain, but there is no published human data. It is a research chemical, and its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Limited Metabolic & GLP-1

AOD-9604

Modified growth-hormone fragment (176-191)

AOD-9604 is a small fragment of human growth hormone that was investigated as a fat-loss agent. Early company-sponsored trials did not show meaningful weight loss beyond placebo, and it was not approved for that use. Today it is sold as a research chemical, and good human evidence for weight benefit is lacking.

Limited Metabolic & GLP-1

Adipotide

Pro-apoptotic targeting peptide (prohibitin-targeting)

Adipotide is an experimental peptide that, in animals, targets the blood supply of fat tissue and triggers fat cells to die. In obese monkeys it produced weight loss, but it also raised safety concerns, including kidney effects. There are no established human trials supporting its use, and it is a research compound only.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

AICAR

AICA riboside (acadesine), an AMPK activator

AICAR is a small molecule that activates AMPK, an enzyme cells use to sense low energy. In mice it has been studied for endurance and metabolic effects, which is why it is sometimes called an "exercise mimetic." Human evidence for fitness or longevity uses is very limited, and it is banned in sports.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

AHK-CU

AHK-Cu (Alanine-Histidine-Lysine copper complex)

AHK-CU is a copper-bound tripeptide used in cosmetic products, sometimes marketed for hair and scalp as well as skin. It is promoted to support a healthier appearance through copper delivery and peptide signaling. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary evidence Immune

ARA-290

ARA-290 (Cibinetide)

ARA-290, also called cibinetide, is a small peptide derived from erythropoietin (EPO) but designed not to raise red blood cells. It has been studied mainly for nerve-related pain and inflammation, including in sarcoidosis-related small-fiber neuropathy. Evidence is early and the peptide is not approved.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Adamax

Synthetic peptide (research compound)

Adamax is a little-known synthetic research peptide sometimes grouped with short bioregulators and promoted for possible cognitive effects. Published information is minimal and preliminary, so its effects and safety in people are not established or independently confirmed.

Limited evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Argireline

Acetyl hexapeptide-8

Argireline is a synthetic peptide used in anti-wrinkle creams and serums. It is marketed as a topical alternative to injectable muscle relaxers, with the idea that it softens the appearance of expression lines. Most supporting data comes from in-vitro work and manufacturer-sponsored studies, so independent human evidence is limited.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

BPC-157 + TB-500

BPC-157 and TB-500 (Thymosin β-4 fragment) combination

This is a blend of two research peptides, BPC-157 and TB-500, often marketed together for tissue repair. Each peptide on its own has only animal-level evidence, and the specific combination has not been tested in controlled human trials. Claims about the blend are not backed by human data.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Cagrilintide

Long-acting amylin receptor agonist

Cagrilintide is an experimental long-acting medicine that mimics amylin, a hormone that works alongside insulin to reduce appetite and food intake. It is being studied for weight management, often combined with a GLP-1 drug, and human trials are ongoing. It is not approved, and long-term safety is not yet established.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Cardiogen

Peptide bioregulator

Cardiogen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the heart and cardiac muscle. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Cartalax

Peptide bioregulator

Cartalax is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at cartilage and joint tissue. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Bronchogen

Peptide bioregulator

Bronchogen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the lungs and bronchial tissue. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Limited evidence Cognitive & Neuro

Cerebrolysin

Cerebrolysin

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of small peptides and amino acids derived from pig brain tissue, given by injection. It is approved in several countries for stroke and dementia, but large independent reviews have found the evidence mixed and often low quality.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Cortagen

Peptide bioregulator

Cortagen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the brain and nervous system. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Chonluten

Peptide bioregulator

Chonluten is a short synthetic peptide (three amino acids) marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the lungs and bronchial tissue. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

CJC-1295

Growth hormone releasing hormone analog

CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) designed to prompt the pituitary to release more growth hormone. Some versions add a chemical tag (DAC) that extends how long it stays active in the body. Human data is limited to early pharmacology work, so its long-term effects are not established.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Decapeptide-12

Decapeptide-12

Decapeptide-12 is a synthetic ten amino acid peptide used in cosmetic products aimed at brightening and evening skin tone. It is marketed to address the look of dark spots and uneven pigmentation. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Cagrilintide + Semaglutide

Amylin agonist plus GLP-1 agonist combination

This is a combination of two appetite-acting medicines: cagrilintide (an amylin agonist) and semaglutide (a GLP-1 agonist). The idea is to target two different satiety pathways at once for greater weight loss. The combination has been studied in human trials with encouraging results, but it is not yet approved as a single product.

Strong (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Dulaglutide

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Dulaglutide is a once-weekly injectable medicine that mimics the gut hormone GLP-1 to help control blood sugar. It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, and large human trials support its effects on blood sugar and cardiovascular risk. It is prescription-only.

Preliminary evidence Cognitive & Neuro

Dermorphin

Dermorphin

Dermorphin is a potent opioid peptide originally found in the skin of certain South American frogs. It is a research compound with strong painkilling activity in animals, and it has gained notoriety for illicit misuse in horse racing. It is not an approved human medicine.

Preliminary Bioregulators

DS5

Synthetic peptide (research compound)

DS5 is a little-known synthetic research peptide with very little published information. The available data are minimal and preliminary, so essentially nothing about its effects or safety in people is established or independently confirmed.

Preliminary evidence Sleep & Circadian

DSIP

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

DSIP is a naturally occurring peptide first isolated from rabbit brain and named for its apparent link to deep sleep. Despite its name, decades of research have produced inconsistent results, and its role in human sleep is not well established.

Limited Metabolic & GLP-1

Eloralintide

Amylin receptor agonist

Eloralintide is an experimental amylin receptor agonist being developed for weight management. It is at an early stage of clinical development, and little human data has been published so far. It is not approved, and its efficacy and safety in people are not yet established.

Moderate evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Enclomiphene

Enclomiphene

Enclomiphene is one of the two isomers that make up the fertility drug clomiphene. It has been studied in men to raise testosterone while preserving sperm production. It reached late-stage human trials but is not currently approved by the FDA as a standalone product.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

Follistatin 315

Follistatin isoform 315 (serum circulating form)

Follistatin 315 is the longer, freely circulating isoform of follistatin, the protein that inhibits myostatin and activins to allow muscle growth. It is the main form found in blood, with lower affinity for cell surfaces than the shorter isoform. Evidence is largely preclinical, and injectable forms lack human trials.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

Follistatin 344

Follistatin isoform 344 (precursor form)

Follistatin 344 is a precursor isoform of follistatin that is processed in the body, including to the shorter cell-binding form. Like other follistatins it inhibits myostatin and activins to allow muscle growth. Evidence is largely preclinical and gene-therapy based, and injectable follistatin 344 peptide lacks human trials.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

FOXO4-DRI

FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso peptide

FOXO4-DRI is an experimental "senolytic" peptide designed to selectively kill senescent (worn-out) cells. It gained attention from a single mouse study suggesting it could clear these cells and improve some aging measures. There is no human evidence, and it remains a laboratory research tool.

Limited evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

GHK-Cu

Copper tripeptide-1 (GHK-copper complex)

GHK-Cu is the copper-bound form of the GHK tripeptide and a common ingredient in skincare. It has been studied for skin appearance, wound healing, and collagen-related effects, mostly in cosmetic and cell research. Controlled clinical trials for broader uses are limited.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

Follistatin

Activin-binding glycoprotein (myostatin inhibitor)

Follistatin is a naturally occurring protein that binds and inhibits myostatin and related factors that limit muscle growth. Blocking myostatin produces dramatic muscle gains in animals, which drives interest in follistatin. Human data is limited mostly to early gene-therapy research, and injectable follistatin peptide lacks human trials.

Limited evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

GHK

Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine

GHK is a small naturally occurring tripeptide found in human plasma, where levels decline with age. In lab and skin studies it is linked to wound healing and collagen-related activity. Most evidence is from cell and topical cosmetic studies rather than rigorous human trials.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

GHRP-6

Growth hormone releasing peptide 6

GHRP-6 is one of the first synthetic growth hormone releasing peptides, acting on the ghrelin receptor to stimulate growth hormone and strongly increase appetite. It has been used in human pharmacology research but is not an approved medicine. Evidence for wellness and performance uses is limited.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

GHRP-2

Growth hormone releasing peptide 2

GHRP-2 is a synthetic peptide that stimulates the pituitary to release growth hormone by acting on the ghrelin receptor. It has been studied as a diagnostic agent for growth hormone deficiency and is used in that role in some countries. Evidence for wellness and performance uses is limited.

Limited evidence Longevity & Cellular

Glutathione

Glutathione (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine)

Glutathione is a tripeptide antioxidant made naturally by the body and present in every cell. It is widely sold as an oral supplement and given by IV, often marketed for "detox," immunity, or skin lightening. Evidence for many of these uses is limited or mixed, and oral absorption is debated.

Moderate evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Gonadorelin

Gonadorelin

Gonadorelin is a synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the natural signal that tells the pituitary to release reproductive hormones. It is an approved drug historically used in fertility evaluation and treatment, given under medical supervision.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

Hexarelin

Growth hormone releasing peptide (synthetic hexapeptide)

Hexarelin is a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide that strongly stimulates growth hormone through the ghrelin receptor and also interacts with a separate cardiac receptor in research. It is one of the more potent secretagogues studied but is not an approved medicine, and evidence for wellness uses is limited.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

IGF-1 DES

Insulin-like growth factor 1, des(1-3) variant

IGF-1 DES is a shortened form of insulin-like growth factor 1, missing its first three amino acids, which makes it bind less to carrier proteins and act more potently in research settings. Almost all data comes from cell and animal studies. There are no human outcome trials, so its effects and safety in people are not established.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

HGH Fragment 176-191

Growth hormone C-terminal fragment (amino acids 176-191)

HGH Fragment 176-191 is a short piece of the growth hormone molecule studied for its reported fat-burning effects without the broader growth-promoting actions of full GH. Most evidence comes from animal studies, and the closely related analog AOD-9604 failed to show meaningful fat loss in human trials. Human evidence is weak.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

Humanin

Humanin (mitochondrial-derived peptide)

Humanin is a small peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA and studied as one of the first "mitochondrial-derived peptides." Lab and animal research links it to cell-protective and metabolic effects, and blood levels appear to fall with age. There is no approved human use, and clinical evidence is early.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

IGF-1 LR3

Long arginine 3 insulin-like growth factor 1

IGF-1 LR3 is a modified, longer-lasting form of insulin-like growth factor 1, engineered to resist binding proteins and stay active far longer than natural IGF-1. It is widely used as a cell-culture reagent in laboratories. There are no human therapeutic trials, so its effects and safety in people are not established.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

Ipamorelin

Growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin receptor agonist)

Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that mimics ghrelin to stimulate the pituitary to release growth hormone. It is described as more selective than older secretagogues, with less effect on other hormones in animal studies. Human evidence remains limited, so its long-term effects are not established.

Limited evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10

Kisspeptin-10 is a short fragment of kisspeptin, a natural hormone that helps trigger reproductive hormone release. It is an active area of academic research into fertility and sexual response, but it is not an approved medicine and remains mostly in the research setting.

Strong (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Liraglutide

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Liraglutide is a daily injectable medicine that mimics the gut hormone GLP-1 to help control blood sugar and reduce appetite. It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and for weight management, supported by large human trials. It is prescription-only.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

KPV

Lysine-Proline-Valine (alpha-MSH C-terminal fragment)

KPV is a short tripeptide taken from the tail end of the hormone alpha-MSH. In cell and animal studies it shows anti-inflammatory activity, especially in the gut, which is why it is discussed for inflammatory conditions. There are no controlled human trials, so its benefits in people are unproven.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Livagen

Peptide bioregulator

Livagen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator, sometimes described as a relative of Epitalon and aimed at liver and immune function. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary evidence Immune

LL-37

LL-37 (human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide)

LL-37 is the body's main cathelicidin, a natural antimicrobial peptide that is part of innate immunity. It is heavily studied in immunology for fighting microbes and modulating inflammation. Despite a large research base, it is not an approved therapy, and its biology in disease is complex (sometimes protective, sometimes harmful).

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Mazdutide

Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist

Mazdutide is an experimental medicine that activates two receptors (GLP-1 and glucagon) to lower blood sugar, reduce appetite, and increase energy use. It is in clinical development for weight management and diabetes, with trials concentrated in China. It is not approved, and long-term safety is not yet established.

Limited evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Matrixyl

Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4

Matrixyl is a synthetic peptide used in anti-aging skincare. It is built around a fragment of collagen and is marketed to support a smoother, firmer look over time. Some published cosmetic studies exist, but much of the supporting data is manufacturer-sponsored, so the independent human evidence is limited.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Melanotan I

Afamelanotide

Melanotan I, known as afamelanotide, is a melanocortin agonist that increases skin pigment. A controlled-release implant form (Scenesse) is approved for a rare light sensitivity disorder, but the injectable "tanning" peptide sold online is unregulated and not proven safe for that purpose.

Limited evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Melanotan II

Melanotan II

Melanotan II is a synthetic melanocortin peptide that both darkens skin and can increase sexual arousal. It is widely sold online as an unregulated injectable for tanning, but it is not an approved medicine and has been flagged by regulators over safety concerns.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

MOTS-c

MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c)

MOTS-c is a small mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for metabolism and exercise. In mice it has been linked to better insulin sensitivity and endurance, acting partly through the AMPK energy-sensing pathway. Human evidence is early, and it is not an approved treatment.

Limited evidence Longevity & Cellular

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD+ is a coenzyme found in all living cells and essential for energy metabolism. It is marketed heavily for anti-aging, energy, and "cellular health," often via IV drips or precursor supplements like NR and NMN. The core biology is solid, but human evidence that boosting NAD+ slows aging or treats disease is limited.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

MGF

Mechano growth factor (IGF-1Ec splice variant)

MGF (mechano growth factor) is a splice variant of IGF-1 produced by muscle in response to mechanical stress, studied for its role in activating muscle repair cells. Almost all data comes from cell and animal research, with no human trials of synthetic MGF. What we know is preliminary and does not establish benefit or safety in people.

Moderate evidence Growth Hormone Axis

MK-677

Oral growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin receptor agonist)

MK-677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active compound that mimics ghrelin to raise growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. Unlike most peptides here it has been tested in a number of human trials, which consistently show it raises these hormones. It is still not FDA-approved, and questions remain about side effects and long-term benefit.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Nonapeptide-1

Nonapeptide-1

Nonapeptide-1 is a synthetic nine amino acid peptide used in cosmetic brightening products. It is marketed to reduce the look of dark spots and even out skin tone. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Orforglipron

Oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist

Orforglipron is an experimental GLP-1 receptor agonist taken as a pill rather than an injection. Because it is a small molecule rather than a peptide, it does not require refrigeration or food restrictions like some oral peptides. Human trials have reported weight loss and blood-sugar benefits, but it is still in development and not approved.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Ovagen

Peptide bioregulator

Ovagen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the liver and digestive system. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Moderate evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Oxytocin

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a natural hormone and an approved medicine, used in obstetrics to induce labor and control bleeding after birth. It is also widely studied for social and behavioral effects, but evidence for those popular uses, especially intranasal sprays, is far less established.

Preliminary evidence Cognitive & Neuro

P21

P021

P21 is an experimental compound derived from a fragment of a neurotrophic factor, studied in animals for effects on memory and new neuron growth. There are no published human trials, so its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

PAL-GHK

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1

PAL-GHK is a fat-modified version of the GHK tripeptide used in anti-aging skincare. It is marketed to support firmer, smoother-looking skin, often alongside other peptides. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

PAL-AHK

Palmitoyl tripeptide-3

PAL-AHK is a fat-modified version of the AHK tripeptide used in cosmetic skincare. It is marketed to support skin renewal and a healthier-looking complexion. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Palmitoyl dipeptide-6

Palmitoyl dipeptide-6

Palmitoyl dipeptide-6 is a fat-modified two amino acid peptide used in anti-aging skincare. It is marketed to support firmer, smoother-looking skin, usually within multi-peptide blends. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Pancragen

Peptide bioregulator

Pancragen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the pancreas and blood sugar regulation. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary evidence Cognitive & Neuro

PE-22-28

PE-22-28

PE-22-28 is an experimental peptide derived from spadin, studied in animals for possible antidepressant and neuroprotective effects. There are no published human trials, so its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Pentapeptide-18

Acetyl pentapeptide-18 (Leuphasyl)

Pentapeptide-18 is a synthetic peptide used in anti-wrinkle skincare and marketed to relax the look of expression lines, often paired with peptides like Argireline. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary evidence Recovery & Tissue Repair

PEG-MGF

Pegylated mechano growth factor

PEG-MGF is a version of mechano growth factor with a polyethylene glycol chain attached to slow its breakdown and extend activity. Like MGF, it is studied for muscle repair, but the evidence comes only from cell and animal research. There are no human trials, so its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Preliminary evidence Longevity & Cellular

PNC-27

PNC-27 (p53-derived membranolytic peptide)

PNC-27 is an experimental peptide based on part of the p53 protein, studied in the lab for selectively destroying cancer cells. The interest comes from cell-culture experiments, not from human use. There are no clinical trials, and marketing claims about cancer benefit are not supported by human evidence.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Pinealon

Peptide bioregulator

Pinealon is a short synthetic peptide (three amino acids) marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the brain and nervous system. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary Bioregulators

PGPIPN

Synthetic hexapeptide

PGPIPN is a short synthetic peptide (six amino acids) derived from a milk protein and studied mainly for possible immune and anti-tumor effects in the laboratory. The supporting research is mostly small and preclinical, so the human evidence is essentially absent and unconfirmed.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Prostamax

Peptide bioregulator

Prostamax is a short synthetic peptide blend marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the prostate and male urinary health. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Moderate evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

PT-141

Bremelanotide

PT-141, known by the drug name bremelanotide, is an approved medicine (Vyleesi) for a specific type of low sexual desire in premenopausal women. It works through brain melanocortin receptors rather than the blood-flow pathway used by drugs like sildenafil.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

RIGIN

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1

RIGIN is a synthetic peptide used in anti-aging skincare and marketed to support a more even, youthful look in mature skin. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Limited evidence Cognitive & Neuro

Selank

Selank

Selank is a synthetic peptide developed in Russia and studied there as an anti-anxiety agent given by nasal spray. Most evidence comes from Russian-language research, and there is little independent, well-controlled human data elsewhere.

Strong (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Semaglutide

GLP-1 receptor agonist

Semaglutide is a medicine that mimics a gut hormone called GLP-1, which helps control blood sugar and appetite. It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and for weight management, and large human trials show meaningful blood-sugar and weight reductions. It is prescription-only and is not a casual supplement.

Limited evidence Growth Hormone Axis

Sermorelin

Growth hormone releasing hormone (1-29) analog

Sermorelin is a shortened, active fragment of growth hormone releasing hormone (the first 29 amino acids) that stimulates the pituitary to make growth hormone. It was once an approved medicine for diagnosing and treating certain growth problems before being withdrawn from the US market. Evidence for the uses it is now marketed for is limited.

Preliminary Metabolic & GLP-1

SLU-PP-332

ERR (estrogen-related receptor) agonist (small molecule)

SLU-PP-332 is an experimental small-molecule compound (not a peptide) that activates estrogen-related receptors involved in cellular energy use. In mice it was associated with increased energy expenditure and effects resembling exercise, which is why it is sometimes called an "exercise mimetic." There is no human data, and its effects and safety in people are unknown.

Limited evidence Cognitive & Neuro

Semax

Semax

Semax is a synthetic peptide developed in Russia, where it is used as a prescription nasal spray for stroke and cognitive issues. Most of the supporting research comes from Russian-language studies, and there is little independent, well-controlled data in other countries.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Retatrutide

Triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist

Retatrutide is an experimental medicine that activates three hormone receptors at once (GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon), aiming to amplify weight loss and metabolic effects. Early to mid-stage human trials have reported large weight reductions, but it is still in development and not approved. Longer-term safety is not yet established.

Limited evidence Skin & Cosmetic

SNAP-8

Acetyl octapeptide-3

SNAP-8 is a synthetic peptide used in anti-wrinkle skincare and marketed as an extended version of Argireline. The idea is that it softens the look of expression lines when applied topically. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is limited.

Strong (human) Growth Hormone Axis

Somatropin

Recombinant human growth hormone

Somatropin is recombinant human growth hormone, a lab-made version of the GH the body produces naturally. It is an FDA-approved prescription medicine used for defined conditions such as growth hormone deficiency. Its benefits and risks are well documented for those approved uses, though non-medical and anti-aging use carries real risks and is not approved.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Survodutide

Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist

Survodutide is an experimental medicine that activates two receptors (GLP-1 and glucagon) and is being studied for weight management and for liver disease (MASH). Human trials have reported weight loss and improvements in liver measures, but it is still in development and not approved. Long-term safety is not yet established.

Limited evidence Skin & Cosmetic

SYN-AKE

Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate

SYN-AKE is a synthetic peptide inspired by a component of snake venom and used in anti-wrinkle skincare. It is marketed to relax the look of expression lines when applied topically. Supporting data is mostly in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is limited.

Limited evidence Skin & Cosmetic

SYN-COLL

Palmitoyl tripeptide-5

SYN-COLL is a synthetic peptide used in anti-aging skincare and marketed to support a firmer, smoother look by encouraging collagen-related activity. Some cosmetic studies exist, but much of the data is manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is limited.

Moderate (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Tesofensine

Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor

Tesofensine is an experimental small-molecule drug (not a peptide) that affects brain chemicals to reduce appetite. It was originally studied for neurological conditions, then for obesity, where mid-stage human trials reported weight loss. It is not FDA-approved, and its long-term safety, including cardiovascular and psychiatric effects, is not established.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Testagen

Peptide bioregulator

Testagen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at the male reproductive system. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Strong (human) Metabolic & GLP-1

Tirzepatide

Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist

Tirzepatide is a medicine that activates two gut-hormone receptors at once (GIP and GLP-1), which together lower blood sugar and reduce appetite. It is FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and for weight management, and large human trials show strong results. It is prescription-only.

Preliminary evidence Immune

Thymagen

Thymogen (Glutamyl-tryptophan dipeptide)

Thymagen (often spelled Thymogen) is a short dipeptide developed in Russia as a synthetic immune "bioregulator," related to thymus-derived peptides. It is marketed for immune support, but most published research is older and outside mainstream peer review. Rigorous, independent human evidence is limited.

Limited evidence Immune

Thymalin

Thymalin (thymus polypeptide extract)

Thymalin is a peptide preparation extracted from the thymus gland, developed in Russia and marketed as an immune "bioregulator." It has been studied for immune support and aging, with some clinical reports, but most research is older or regional and not widely replicated by independent groups.

Moderate evidence Immune

Thymosin alpha-1

Thymosin alpha-1 (Thymalfasin)

Thymosin alpha-1 is a thymus-derived peptide that helps regulate immune function. Unlike most peptides in this encyclopedia, it is an approved medicine in several countries (marketed as thymalfasin/Zadaxin) for conditions such as hepatitis B, and it has been studied in infections and as a cancer-treatment adjunct. It is not FDA-approved in the United States.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

Tripeptide-29

Tripeptide-29

Tripeptide-29 is a synthetic three amino acid peptide used in anti-aging skincare and marketed to support collagen and a firmer-looking complexion. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

VESILUTE

VESILUTE (oligopeptide cosmetic active)

VESILUTE is a peptide-based cosmetic active marketed for the under-eye area, with claims around reducing the look of dark circles and puffiness. Most supporting data is in-vitro or manufacturer-sponsored, so independent human evidence is sparse.

Moderate evidence Sexual & Hormonal Health

Triptorelin

Triptorelin

Triptorelin is an approved medicine (a GnRH agonist) used to lower sex-hormone levels in conditions such as advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, and central precocious puberty. It is a well-established prescription drug given by injection under medical supervision.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Vesugen

Peptide bioregulator

Vesugen is a short synthetic peptide marketed as a bioregulator aimed at blood vessels and the vascular system. The supporting research is mostly small and from a single group, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary evidence Skin & Cosmetic

VIALOX

Pentapeptide-3

VIALOX is a synthetic peptide used in anti-wrinkle skincare and marketed as a topical muscle-relaxing ingredient that softens the look of expression lines. The supporting data is mostly in-vitro and manufacturer-sponsored, and independent human evidence is sparse.

Preliminary Bioregulators

Vilon

Peptide bioregulator

Vilon is a very short synthetic peptide (two amino acids) developed by a Russian research group as a so-called bioregulator for the immune system. The supporting research is mostly small, older, and from a single laboratory, so the human evidence is weak and has not been independently confirmed.

Preliminary evidence Immune

VIP

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) is a natural signaling peptide with roles in blood-vessel dilation, gut function, and immune regulation. It is sometimes used off-label or compounded (for example as a nasal spray for chronic inflammatory conditions) and a synthetic form, aviptadil, has been investigated for lung conditions. Most specific therapeutic uses are not well established.